# Ipamorelin References: The Cited Literature

> Ipamorelin references: the full cited literature behind this digest — the founding selectivity study, human PK, the failed Phase 2 trial, rodent data, the CJC-1295 evidence, and recent reviews.

Every source cited across this site, with DOIs and PubMed links. Studies on CJC-1295 and related compounds are flagged as such.

## How to read these references

The list below is the complete citation set used across this digest, numbered to match the inline `[N]` markers on every page. Several entries are deliberately flagged as studies of CJC-1295 or of a related ghrelin-receptor agonist rather than of ipamorelin itself — that distinction is the whole point of an honest combination-stacks digest, and it is preserved here. Where a paper has no registered DOI, it is cited by its PubMed identifier.

## References

[1] Raun K, Hansen BS, Johansen NL, Thogersen H, Madsen K, Ankersen M, Andersen PH. Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998;139(5):552-561. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9849822/
[2] Gobburu JV, Agerso H, Jusko WJ, Ynddal L. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of ipamorelin, a growth hormone releasing peptide, in human volunteers. Pharm Res. 1999;16(9):1412-1416. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10496658/
[3] Beck DE, Sweeney WB, McCarter MD; Ipamorelin 201 Study Group. Prospective, randomized, controlled, proof-of-concept study of the ghrelin mimetic ipamorelin for the management of postoperative ileus in bowel resection patients (NCT00672074). Int J Colorectal Dis. 2014;29(12):1527-1534. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25331030/
[4] Johansen PB, Nowak J, Skjaerbaek C, Flyvbjerg A, Andreassen TT, Wilken M, Orskov H. Ipamorelin, a new growth-hormone-releasing peptide, induces longitudinal bone growth in rats. Growth Horm IGF Res. 1999;9(2):106-113. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10373343/
[5] Lu Z, Ngan MP, Liu JYH, Yang L, Tu L, Chan SW, Giuliano C, Lovati E, Pietra C, Rudd JA. The growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a agonists, anamorelin and ipamorelin, inhibit cisplatin-induced weight loss in ferrets; anamorelin also exhibits anti-emetic effects via a central mechanism. Physiol Behav. 2024;284:114644. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39043357/
[6] Stokes AH, Falls JG, Yoon L, Cariello N, Faiola B, Colton HM, Jordan HL, Berridge BR. Integrated approach to early detection of cardiovascular toxicity induced by a ghrelin receptor agonist. Int J Toxicol. 2015;34(2):151-161. (Study compound is GSK894281, a GHS-R1a agonist; not ipamorelin.) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25722321/
[7] Teichman SL, Neale A, Lawrence B, Gagnon C, Castaigne JP, Frohman LA. Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of GH-releasing hormone, in healthy adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(3):799-805. (Study compound is CJC-1295, not ipamorelin.) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16352683/
[8] Frohman LA, Kineman RD. Pulsatile secretion of growth hormone (GH) persists during continuous stimulation by CJC-1295, a long-acting GH-releasing hormone analog. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(4):1294-1295. (Study compound is CJC-1295, not ipamorelin.) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17018654/
[9] Ionescu M, Frohman LA. Activation of the GH/IGF-1 axis by CJC-1295, a long-acting GHRH analog, results in serum protein profile changes. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2009;19(3):242-249. (Study compound is CJC-1295, not ipamorelin.) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19386527/
[10] Sigalos JT, Pastuszak AW, Allison A, Khera M, et al. Growth hormone secretagogue treatment in hypogonadal men raises serum insulin-like growth factor-1 levels. Am J Mens Health. 2017;11(6):1752-1757. (Observational; combined GHS therapy, not ipamorelin monotherapy.) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28830317/
[11] Sinha DK, Balasubramanian A, Tatem AJ, Rivera-Mirabal J, Yu J, Kovac J, Pastuszak AW, Lipshultz LI. Beyond the androgen receptor: the role of growth hormone secretagogues in the modern management of male hypogonadism. Transl Androl Urol. 2020;9(Suppl 2):S149-S159. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32257855/
[12] Hansen BS, et al. Pharmacological characterisation of a new oral GH secretagogue, NN703. Eur J Endocrinol. 1999;141(2):180-189. (NN703 is an oral GH secretagogue derived from ipamorelin.) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10427162/
[13] Adeghate E, Ponery AS. Mechanism of ipamorelin-evoked insulin release from the pancreas of normal and diabetic rats. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2004;25(6):403-406. (No registered DOI; verified via PubMed.) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15665799/
[14] Lall S, Tung LY, Ohlsson C, Jansson JO, Dickson SL. Growth hormone (GH)-independent stimulation of adiposity by GH secretagogues. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001;280(1):132-138. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11162489/
[15] Lawrence CB, Snape AC, Baudoin FM, Luckman SM. Acute central ghrelin and GH secretagogues induce feeding and activate brain appetite centers. Endocrinology. 2002;143(1):155-162. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11751604/
[16] Villegas Meza AD, et al. Injectable peptides in sports medicine: a structured narrative review of evidence, safety, and antidoping implications. JBJS Rev. 2026;14.  https://doi.org/10.2106/jbjs.rvw.26.00027
[17] Coutinho LFD, et al. A new era of doping? Use of peptide and peptide-analog drugs in recreational and professional sport and bodybuilding: a critical review. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2026. https://doi.org/10.23736/s0022-4707.26.17773-1
[18] Gouda M, et al. The influence of ghrelin agonist ipamorelin acetate on the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis in a cichlid fish, Oreochromis mossambicus. Anim Reprod Sci. 2024;267:107550. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38996787/

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An editorial digest of the ipamorelin literature and the GHRH-analog stacks it is studied beside — single-peptide findings kept apart from combination claims, and nothing here dosed, compounded, prescribed, or sold.